论文摘要 本文以职业足球运行过程中的相关现象作为研究对象，从职业足球参与主体的权力、利益关系出发，选择职业足球主体的经济行为作为分析主线，运用经济学的基本理论对职业足球经济过程进行了剖析。基于我国职业足球创建和发展的特殊性，笔者采用了西方经济学的实证分析范式和制度经济学和历史制度分析工具，对英国职业足球的产生发展机理进行解析和研究。通过透视英国职业足球的制度结构和运行机制，初步展现了职业足球经济过程的运行特征。从而，为分析中国职业足球经济过程提供了重要的参考依据。并为解读我国职业足球经济属性和本质提供了基础性框架。 现代职业足球产生直接或间接源于英国职业足球，而英国职业足球的发展得益于英国职业足球制度的不断创新、不断成熟，并形成一种稳定的制度装置在世界各地传播和复制。职业足球制度体系是保障职业足球稳定运行的基本条件，换言之，职业足球制度要素之间形成了相互依存相互影响的制度结构。职业足球的联盟制度、俱乐部制度、运动员制度、赛事制度和足球协会制度等构成了职业足球基础性制度框架。其中，根本的制度安排是联盟制度，它不仅是其他制度发挥作用的前提，也是制约其他制度有效运行的基本条件。联盟制度本身所具有自我实施机制和联合惩罚机制成为了维护联赛稳定运行的保障条件。职业足球生产的联合提供属性，决定了职业足球经济过程只能在联盟制度下才能有效运行，职业足球在市场中的合作和竞争才能有效展开。职业足球运行的本质是联盟意义上的合作生产活动，但是，这种合作必须借助于竞争加以展开，职业足球的竞争不是市场上的竞争而是赛场上的竞争。基于此，本论文的基本结论如下： 1．职业足球是市场经济的产物，因此，职业足球运行过程和本质属性具有经济特征。历史地看，职业足球从产生、发展到相对成熟，是与职业足球各个参与主体的利益动机和逐利行为密切相关。可以说，职业足球发展过程就是参与主体在市场中牟取权力、利益的矛盾运动过程。 2．职业足球参与主体的经济行为可以置于经济学的分析框架之中，其中，俱乐部行为、联盟行为、运动员、教练员行为和观众行为是职业足球经济行为的典型表现。本文对此进行了分析，并结合了这些主体的基本特征展开了论述。从决策过程和实施方式来看，职业足球俱乐部具有企业属性，由于职业运动产品联合生产特征决定了职业足球俱乐部企业是一种固定产量的生产过程。联盟是维护俱乐部共同利益的联合组织，它具有准卡特尔特征，同时，职业联盟又是俱乐部实现市场利益的前提条件。 3．现代职业足球在市场机制作用下不断完善并成为了自我运行的制度装置，职业足球联盟是这架制度装置的核心和枢纽。尽管职业足球在世界范围内形成了不同的发展模式，但是作为职业足球联盟制度却是十分相近。职业足球联盟的核心功能体现在自我实施机制和集体惩罚机制上。同时，职业联盟的存在也是职业足球俱乐部实现市场利益的前提。 4．职业足球联盟制度是与职业足球产品属性密切相关，职业足球生产过程只能联合提供。由此决定了职业足球的生产方式、竞争方式和规模经济方式。职业足球产品的公开生产和共同提供，决定了职业联盟扩大利益的实现方式和规模经济实现形式，它不是以提高产量寻求降低平均成本，而是以提高质量（比赛可观赏性、激烈程度和结果的不确定性）来扩大收益，从而实现规模经济。 5．职业足球是以联盟制度为核心发展壮大起来的，并在此基础上拓展了延伸了一系列制度安排。比如注册制度、选秀制度、共同经营等。在联盟内部以及俱乐部内部的控制过程遵循着降低不确定性和节约交易成本过程，包括外部利益内部化。联盟的具体性质体现为职业联盟是由众多独立法人职业足球俱乐部共同组成的联合体。 6．中国职业足球制度是在计划经济向社会主义市场经济体制转轨的背景下，以政府和体育主管部门推动下进行的体育体制的制度创新。换言之，中国职业足球的制度安排主要是通过行政手段推动的结果，是政府主导下的市场化改革产物。我国职业足球制度结构和制度规范与西方国家职业足球制度的最大差别是我国职业足球缺失真正的联盟制度。这可能是引发了我国职业足球运行实践问题的原因之一。事实上，我国职业足球制度中还涉及政府行为、企业行为和市场行为等。 从根本上说，职业足球的发展应该根据职业足球产品和生产的特殊性，遵循着现代职业足球经济发展一般规律，关注职业足球运行中相关主体行为权力、利益关系，在职业联盟基础上实现职业足球的市场价值和市场利益。本文的目的在于，通过理论分析，探索职业足球经济过程的一般特征，探寻现代职业足球运行中的实施机制，揭示职业足球经济过程的稳定性条件。 关键词：职业足球；经济行为；职业联盟；制度分析 Paper abstract With the present professional soccer phenomena as the main topic, this article, by the economic principles, made an analysis on today China’s soccer issues from the angle of the right of the participating body and interest relationship between the mentioned bodies. Based on the fact of our country professional soccer foundation and its special development characteristics, the author , employing western economic real diagnosis analysis model and the system economic together with the historical system analysis tool , carries on a research on England professional soccer production development mechanism. A discussion on the perspective England professional soccer system structure and the movement mechanism has initially revealed the professional soccer economical process movement characteristic, thus providing an important reference for analyzing Chinese professional soccer economical process as well as an good foundational frame for explaining the country professional soccer economical attribute and the essence. As is known, the modern professional soccer was directly (or less) born from the England professional soccer, while it is the England professional soccer system unceasing innovation that the England professional soccer development benefits from, which finally evolved into a kind of system available to be applied to all over the world. The professional soccer institutional framework is the safeguard professional soccer stable movement basic condition, in other words, the relating factors has contributed to a wholesome system, parts of which have managed to mutually depend on and benefit each other. The professional soccer alliance system, the club system, the athlete system, the sports event system and the soccer association system and so on constituted the strut professional soccer system frame foundation, among which the most basic one is the alliance system, a kind of system not only serves as the function premise of other systems, but also a restriction of these system effective movements. Moreover, alliance system itself has the self-implementation mechanism and the penalty mechanism in order to maintain the league tournament stable movement the safeguard condition. The very uniting attribute of the professional soccer production decides the professional soccer economical process ,which only can be able to be effectively launched under the alliance system, and so does the professional soccer if it really want to be done in the sever market competition. So, it can be included that the professional soccer movement essence lies in the alliance significance cooperation, which, yet , can only be fulfilled with the help of the competition and this competition is not that of the market but of the competing field. Based on this, the thesis basic conclusions go as follows: 1. Professional soccer is the very product of the market economy , which determines that the professional soccer movement and its essential attribute both have the economical characteristic. Historically speaking, the professional soccer , either from its produces, development or its maturity , is a result of the interest aspects’ competing and cooperating .It can be said that, the professional soccer developing process is a course of the main participating bodies’ seeking the upper –hand- authority, and the benefits in this very sport market. 2. The economic activities of the professional soccer’s participating bodies can definitely be put into the economic analysis frame, among which, the club behavior, the alliance behavior, the athlete, the trainer behavior and the audience behavior are typical ones for professional soccer economic activities. This article has carried on the analysis regarding this, and unified these main bodies basic characteristics to launch the elaboration. Judging from the decision-making process and the implementation way, the professional soccer club has the attribute of the enterprise, because the professional soccer’s characteristic of being uniting production decides the professional soccer club enterprise to be one kind of settled production process. The alliance maintains the club common interest with a semi-cartel characteristic, and meanwhile supply the premises for the club to realize its market interest. 3. Modern professional soccer is an unceasingly consummation and self-movement system ,for which the professional soccer alliance is its heart and core. Although the professional soccer has formed different development patterns in the world-wide scope, yet ,they have much in common in mutually following the soccer the alliance system. The professional soccer alliance function manifests in the self- implementation mechanism and in the collective penalty mechanism. 4. Professional soccer’s alliance systems are closely related with the attributes of the professional soccer products. The professional soccer production process can only be done with joint strengths, which determines the professional soccer production method, the competition way and the economies of scale way. The professional soccer product public production and being jointly provided decides the professional alliance expansion benefit realization way and the economies of scale realization way, which is not to seek the low cost by enhancing the output, but is to expand the income by improving the quality (competition to be possible to watch nature, intense degree and result determinism) so as to realize the scale economy. 5. Professional soccer is growing stronger and stronger with the alliance system being its implement core, thus extending a series of systems a rrangements, such as the registration system, selecting system, co-administration system, and so on. Follows in the alliance interior as well as the club interior controlled process is not reducing the determinism and saves the transaction cost question, melts including exterior benefit interior. The alliance concrete nature manifests for the professional alliance is a unified body which is composed together by the multitudinous independent legal person club. 6. Chinese professional soccer system was born in a planned economy under a background of planned economy switching to the socialist market economy, the innovation of which was also launched by the government and the sports department . In other words, the Chinese professional soccer system arrangement mainly is through the administrative method impetus result, a result of the government leadership market reform. There exist great differences between China professional soccer system structure and the western nation professional soccer system ,which mainly lies in that our country professional soccer lacking the real alliance system. This possibly has initiated one of our countries professional soccer movement practice question reasons. In fact, in our country professional soccer system also involves the government behavior, the enterprise behavior and the market behavior and so on. To be Fundamentally said, the professional soccer development should follow the market principle, to satisfy the watching needs and demands of the audience, thus to actively promote the Chinese professional soccer market advancement. Through the theoretical analysis, unceasingly exploration of our country professional soccer movement the economic activities attribute, promulgates the modern professional soccer movement the implementation mechanism, inquires about our country professional soccer stable movement condition, thus to improve the competitive ability of our country professional soccer so as to finally serve to the general populace’s leisure entertainment need. It can be estimated that, through unceasingly thorough reforming and the injection of the scientific values, the Chinese professional soccer will certainly embrace a brilliant future. Key word: Professional soccer; Economic subject,; Alliance system; Economic analysis 目录 1．导言 1 1．1职业足球 1 1．2文献综述 3 1．3论文框架结构 10 第1章 职业足球综述 12 第1节 职业足球的起源 12 第2节 现代足球的产生和足球规则的确立 13 第3节 英国现代职业足球联赛 15 第4节 英国现代职业足球联赛和联盟制度 17 第5节 英国现代职业足球联赛的收入来源和商品形态 22 第2章 英国职业足球的传播和我国职业足球联赛的产生 25 第1节 英国现代职业足球的传播 25 第2节 意大利职业足球 28 第3节 日本职业足球联赛 29 第4节 法国的职业足球 31 第5节 我国职业足球联赛 32 一、我国职业足球发展历程 32 二、我国职业足球联赛制度 33 三、中国职业足球联赛制度特征 35 第3章 职业足球俱乐部经济行为分析 37 第1节 职业足球的分析前提 37 一、职业足球的分类和分析视角的选择 37 二、职业足球产生的基本过程 38 第2节 职业足球俱乐部行为分析 40 一、 职业足球俱乐部属性 40 二．职业足球俱乐部经济行为分析 41 第3节 职业足球俱乐部的利益分配 46 一、俱乐部比赛成绩 47 二、分享标准 47 三、谈判能力 48 第4节 职业足球俱乐部的性质 49 一、早期的足球俱乐部 49 二．俱乐部制度的发展 50 三、职业俱乐部本质 51 四、俱乐部一个简约的目标模型 53 第4章 职业足球联盟的经济学分析 54 第1节 职业联盟产生原因 55 一、职业足球联盟类型 55 二、职业足球联盟组织概况 55 三．职业足球联盟产生的原因 56 第2节 职业足球联盟规模分析 58 一、联盟规模模型的确定 59 二、联盟行为分析 60 三、联盟最优产量分析 61 第3节 职业足球联盟的经济属性 62 第4节 职业足球联盟的行为分析 63 一、职业足球联盟的行为 63 二、 职业足球联盟生产的准卡特尔性质 65 三、联盟行为有效性条件和控制方式 66 第5章 运动员、教练员及观众的经济学分析 67 第1节 职业足球运动员分析 67 一、足球运动员的界定和流动 67 二、职业球员行为研究综述 68 三、职业球员的分析框架 71 四、职业运动员的工资分析 72 六、团队理论视角下的运动员行为讨论 76 第2节 职业足球教练员行为分析 78 一、主教练的职责定位 78 二、衡量指标体系 79 三、产出最大边界与投入最优化 80 第3节 职业足球的观众行为分析 81 一、职业足球观众和衡量方法 81 二、观众行为的经济学分析 83 第6章 职业足球的制度分析 85 第1节 制度分析理论 86 一、制度内涵 86 二、制度安排和制度构成 88 三、历史的制度分析 89 四、博弈论工具 90 第2节 职业足球制度产生的历史分析 93 一、制度启动的主体：公学 94 二、俱乐部在足球制度创建方面的贡献 94 三、俱乐部新成员的加入，引发了足球制度的进一步创新 95 四、俱乐部催生的职业联赛制度 96 第3节 英国职业足球制度演进的一个简略分析框架 96 一、制度变迁的动力和主体 96 二、制度创新主体的转换 98 三、职业足球联盟制度分析 99 四、联盟制度维系的条件��一种边际解说 101 第4节 职业足球联盟制度的实施机制分析 102 一、职业足球联盟的委托－代理关系 102 二、职业足球联盟的实施机制 103 第5节 职业足球联盟实施机制和联盟特征 106 一、英国职业联盟的集体主义惩罚 107 二、联盟制度的基本特征 108 三、职业足球联盟制度的进一步思考 108 四、同一项目联盟之间的关系 109 第7章 我国职业足球联赛制度分析 110 第1节 我国职业足球制度产生背景和初始形态 111 一、我国职业足球的制度环境 111 二、我国专业足球队制度的基本特征 112 三、我国专业足球队向职业化过渡的初始形态 112 第2节 我国职业足球制度演进结构分析 113 一、启动我国职业足球制度的主体 113 二、我国职业足球制度创新的次级组织 115 三、我国职业足球的制度装置 115 四、制度安排的形式 116 五、我国职业足球制度创新潜在利益分析 116 第3节 我国职业足球行为主体的互动分析 117 一、中国职业足球主体行为讨论 118 二、一个简约的博弈框架分析 120 第4节 我国职业球员基本属性和激励分析 122 一、我国职业足球运动员人力资本属性 122 二、我国职业足球运动员产权属性 125 三、职业球员激励机制分析 128 第5节 中超联赛和中超公司的制度讨论 131 一、中超联赛现状 131 二、中超联赛的产权困境 132 三、中超公司讨论 133 第8章 结论 135 致谢 参考文献