内容提要 中国政府实行改革开放政策已有近三十年，这期间中国取得了经济高速增长、人民生活水平大幅提高、综合国力全面提升等一系列举世瞩目的成就。但是，伴随着发展而来的也有大量形形色色的不公平、不平等现象的出现。这些不公平和不平等问题，有些是在改革开放后新出现的，有些则是在原有计划经济体制下已经形成、并且在改革开放后继续存留甚至进一步加深的。近年来，国内外关注中国不公平、不平等问题的学者逐渐增多，也出现了不少关于不公平、不平等问题的研究文献。这些研究对于我们认识、理解和解决不公平、不平等问题无疑具有重要的意义。 本文拟从权利的角度来分析中国当下的不公平和不平等现象，并探讨关于自由的问题。之所以要探讨自由问题，是因为自由和公平、平等有着密切的联系。从某种意义上来说，自由本身就是公平（正义）的题中应有之意。特别地，按照经济学家阿马蒂亚·森的观点，发展的过程就是扩展人们享有的真实自由的过程。“以自由看待发展”（Development as Freedom）的发展观与以往流行的狭隘的发展观（追求GDP的增长、人均收入的提高、实现现代化等等）恰成鲜明的对照。 解决不平等问题首先要搞清楚不平等产生的根源。关于平等的概念，主要可以分为结果平等和起点平等或机会平等两种。在完全竞争的市场经济制度下，即便是在起点平等的基础上参与竞争，也会由于各人的能力、运气等方面的原因而导致结果不平等。但是，中国当下的不平等问题，并不属于这种情况。中国的不公平和不平等，主要是由于政府政策以及其他制度性因素导致的机会不平等、起点不平等。这种不公平和不平等，尤以城乡之间的巨大差距为甚。而且，这种现象并不是在改革开放之后建立市场经济体制的过程中产生的，而是早在计划经济时代就存在、在改革开放之后继续存留甚至进一步加深的。因此，把中国近来的不公平和不平等归罪于市场经济制度的观点是站不住脚的。 所谓不公平的政府政策以及制度性因素，实质上就是政治权力对公民自由权利的剥夺。而中国建立市场经济制度的过程，也就是政府把交换自由权、创业自由权等权利“还”给人民的过程。这种“权”不仅应该“还”，而且应该公平地、平等地“还”给每一个公民；不应当根据某种区分（如城乡区分）而有所差别。 以权利的观点看待公平和自由问题，首先要树立起权利的观念。我国是一个有几千年专制统治历史的国家，不仅以前从来没有树立起权利的观念，而且现在仍然没有真正树立起来。我们不能再把公平、平等、自由以及市场经济体制仅仅看作是为了达成某些目标的手段和工具，诚然，它们确实可以被用来达成某些目标，但是，它们本身就具有价值，并不需要通过促成其他的目标而体现出来。切实保障公民享有的平等、自由等权利，不仅是解决中国当前不公平、不平等的根本途径，也是进一步完善市场经济制度、建设法治国家的根本要求。 关键词：公平、平等、自由、权利 Abstract The policy of reform and opening-up has been carried out in China for almost 30 years, in which period China has undergone high economic growth, and the living standard of the people has risen up dramatically, so has the overall national strength. With the development of China, however, large amounts of problems of unfairness and inequality have also emerged. Some of these problems were generated after the reform and others had come into being in the former planned economy, which still remained and became even worse after the reform. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars are paying attentions to the problems of unfairness and inequality, and there are some studies on the problems as well. These studies may help us recognize, understand and solve the problems greatly. In this article, I will analyze the current problems of unfairness and inequality from the aspect of right and I will also take freedom into account. It is necessary to pay attention to freedom, because it is closely connected with fairness and equality. Especially, according to the economist Amartya Sen, the process of development is in nature the process of extending the real freedoms of the people. The concept of “Development as Freedom” is in sharp contrast with the prevalent narrow concept of development (pursuing the growth of GDP, increasing the per-capita income, realizing the modernization, etc). We must find out the origins from where the inequality results before solving the problems. There are mainly two kinds of inequalities: inequality in results and inequality in beginnings or opportunities. In the perfect competitive market system, individuals may get unequal results for different abilities and chances they have even from an equal beginning. But the current problems of inequality in China are not the case at all. The equalities in China mainly stemmed from the unequal beginnings and opportunities that were generated by the policies of governments and some institutional factors. And these policies and institutional factors had already existed before the reform, when we have not started establishing the market economy. So the viewpoints of attributing the inequalities to the market mechanism cannot stand up. The governments’ policies and some institutional factors mentioned above means the deprivation of the civil rights by the political power. And the process of establishing the market economy system in China is also the process of returning the rights of freely exchanging and freely starting a business to the people by the governments. Additionally, the governments should return the rights to every citizen fairly and equally without any sort of discrimination (such as discrimination on residents in rural regions). We should establish the concept of right first to examine the problems of unfairness and inequality from the angle of right. With a despotism tradition for several thousand years, the concept of right has not been established even at present, not to mention in the past in China. Justice, fairness, equality, freedom and market economic system cannot be considered only as some methods and tools to meet other goals because they are valuable in themselves, and their values needn’t be measured by the goals they can help to reach. To guarantee the civil rights such as equality and freedom is the fundamental requirement of not only solving the current problems of unfairness and inequality but also improving the market mechanism and building a country under the rule of law. Key words: Fairness, Equality, Freedom, Right 目录 引 言 1 一、正义、公平与平等 2 （一）、正义、公平与平等的概念 2 （二）、公平与效率 4 （三）、对平等的诉求 6 二、自由与自由主义 9 （一）、自由与强制 9 （二）、为什么不要"积极"自由 11 （三）、"我"是什么 13 （四）、我们何以需要自由 15 三、我们得到的启示 21 （一）、保障公民基本权利 21 （二）、关注自由的同时关注公平问题 24 参考文献 27 后 记 32